Chlorine, Chloramine, & Disinfection Byproducts (DBPs): Chlorine and Chloramine (Chlorine + Ammonia) are disinfectants added to municipal water supplies to kill bacteria. When these disinfectants react with naturally occuring substances in the water, they form byproducts like Trihalomethanes (THMs) and Trihaloacetic Acids (THAAs).
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Disinfectants and their byproducts can lead to dryness, irritation, or allergic reactions on hair and skin. Inhaling them during a hot shower may further irritate the airways, particularly in individuals with respiratory conditions. Over the long term, certain DBPs have been linked to liver, kidney, and reproductive effects.
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Granular Activated Carbon removes chlorine and DBPs from the water by adsorbing them (sticking to their surface). Vitamin C balances water pH and, along with KDF-55, neutralizes remaining chlorine and chloramine, converting both into gentler, safer substances.
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Heavy Metals: Metals such as lead, mercury, or arsenic which find their way into water supplies due to corroded infrastructure, industrial runoff, or naturally occurring deposits."
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Heavy metals can cause dryness, breakage, or dullness of hair and may irritate sensitive skin. Long-term exposure may lead to toxicity, neurological complications, and other systemic health concerns.
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KDF-55 attracts and binds to heavy metals via redox reactions. Granular Activated Carbon adsorbs metal particles while Vitamin C supports overall water quality.
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Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs): Carbon-based chemical pollutants, typically from industrial solvents or agricultural runoff, that evaporate easily when exposed to air.
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VOCs can cause dryness, irritation, or allergic reactions on hair and skin. Inhaling these compounds during hot showers may irritate the respiratory system. Over time, prolonged exposure has been linked to potential effects on the liver, kidneys, and central nervous system.
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Granular Activated Carbon is highly effective at adsorbing many VOCs and other organic contaminants, and its efficacy is increased by presence of KDF-55 and Vitamin C.
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Hydrogen Sulfide (H2S): Often introduced into the water from decaying organic matter or bacteria in pipes, H2S causes a “rotten egg” smell.
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Hydrogen sulfide is generally more of a nuisance than a threat. It introduces a “rotten egg” odor that can linger on hair and skin, contributing to dryness and unpleasant smell. At higher concentrations, chronic exposure can lead to headaches and fatigue.
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KDF-55 oxidizes hydrogen sulfide to sulfate, reducing odor while Granular Activated Carbon adsorbs remaining sulfur compounds. Vitamin C supports the overall effectiveness of the filtration system.
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Microplastics: Microscopic Plastic Particles are tiny plastic fragments or fibers that enter water through the breakdown of larger plastic waste or from synthetic clothing fibers during washing."
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While the health impacts of microplastics are still under study, they may contribute to skin irritation and dryness by acting as physical irritants. Microplastics are also a significant environmental concern, polluting ecosystems and potentially introducing harmful substances into the body.
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Granular Activated Carbon traps smaller microplastic particles through adsorption, while the filtration system’s fine mesh design physically blocks larger particles.
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PFAS: Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances, sometimes referred to as "forever chemicals," are human-made chemical compounds introduced into water from industrial processes, firefighting foams, and household products like nonstick cookware.
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PFAS can build up in the body over time, potentially affecting hormones and the immune system. Even small amounts may pose long-term health risks. These chemicals will persist for thousands of years unless filtered out and broken down through a process using extreme heat.
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Granular Activated Carbon effectively reduces the concentration of PFAS through adsorption.
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